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An analysis of the annual cost of implementing “Free PGS for All” in California, compared to the state’s overall budget: --- 1. 🧠 California’s Annual Budget (2025–26) Total State Spending (general fund + special funds): ≈ $322 billion   Health & Human Services (HHS) budget alone: ≈ $283.9 billion total (includes federal funds)   Behavioral Health (mental health): MHSA “state‑directed” spending: ~$153 million   Plus new $6.38 billion bond for behavioral health infrastructure (Prop 1; spread over years)   --- 2. 💵 Estimated Annual Cost for Free PGS Let’s run a plausible pilot model: IVF cycles/year in CA: ~30,000 Cost per PGS + counseling: $10,000 Annual cost: 30,000 × $10,000 = $300 million Expanding to broader prevention (including non-IVF early risk screening) might double it: Estimated total annual program cost: $500 million–$1 billion --- 3. ⚖️ Comparison to Existing Budgets Category Annual Cost (approx.) PGS for IVF (state‑wide) $300 mil...

An analysis estimating the annual cost of implementing free PGS-based mental illness prevention in Singapore, and how that compares with the nation’s annual budget: --- 🇸🇬 1. Singapore’s 2025 Annual Budget Overview Total government expenditure (FY2025): S$123.8 billion (~US$92 billion)   Operating expenditure: S$97.0 billion; development expenditure: S$26.8 billion   Health ministry spending: ~S$20.9 billion (~17% of ministry expenditure)   Mental health expenditure: about 3% of healthcare budget, around S$434.6 million in 2022   --- 2. Estimated Annual Cost for Free PGS in Singapore 🧪 Scenario A: IVF‑based PGS Access Estimated IVF cycles/year in Singapore: 5,000 (a mix of local and foreign usage) Cost per PGS + counseling: ~S$14,000 (USD USD equivalent ~10 000) Total cost: 5,000 × S$14,000 = ~S$70 million per year 🌐 Scenario B: Expanded Screening (IVF + Early Risk Screening) Includes early-life embryo or child risk screening Estimated cost ra...

The latest estimates (as of 2024) for births and deaths worldwide and in Indonesia, along with comparisons to their total populations are: ### **Births Per Year**   **a. World**   - **Annual births**: ~134 million (approx. **367,000 per day**)   - **Global population**: ~8.1 billion   - **Comparison**: Roughly **1.65% of the world’s population is born each year**.   **b. Indonesia**   - **Annual births**: ~4.3 million (approx. **11,800 per day**)   - **Population**: ~279 million (2024 estimate)   - **Comparison**: About **1.54% of Indonesia’s population is born yearly**—slightly lower than the global rate.   --- ### **Deaths Per Year**   **c. World**   - **Annual deaths**: ~60 million (approx. **164,000 per day**)   - **Comparison**: ~**0.74% of the global population dies yearly**.   **d. Indonesia**   - **Annual deaths**: ~1.8 million (approx. **4,...

Getting specific, universally applicable statistics for an IVF cycle is challenging because the numbers are highly dependent on the woman's age and underlying fertility factors. However, we can provide some general ranges and percentages to help you understand the typical "attrition" that occurs at each stage. D1. Average Number of Eggs After Ovarian Stimulation The average number of eggs retrieved varies significantly by age. A good target for many clinics is to retrieve between 10 to 20 mature eggs to maximize the chances of a successful pregnancy.     Women under 35: Typically, they can expect to have 15-20 eggs retrieved.     Women 35-40: The average number decreases to 8-12 eggs.     Women over 40: This number can drop to 5-10 eggs or fewer. It's important to note that not all retrieved eggs will be mature or viable for fertilization. D2. Average Number of Embryos After Fertilization The fertilization rate is the percentage of mature eggs that successf...

PGT Cost Structure The cost of Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) is typically broken down into two main components:     Embryo Biopsy Fee: This is the cost charged by the fertility clinic for the procedure of carefully removing a small number of cells (trophectoderm) from each developing embryo. This fee is generally quoted per cycle (or per group of embryos) and can sometimes include freezing the embryos.    Genetic Testing Fee: This is the cost charged by the genetic testing laboratory for the actual analysis of the biopsied cells. This is usually billed per embryo. The cost may be capped at a certain number of embryos per cycle. For example, a lab might charge a fee for testing up to 8 embryos, with an additional cost for any embryos tested beyond that number.   The cost is a combination of a per-cycle fee from the clinic for the biopsy and a per-embryo fee from the lab for the genetic analysis. PGT-P Cost PGT-P (Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Polyge...

Typical Cost of an IVF Cycle in Massachusetts and California The cost of an IVF cycle varies significantly based on the clinic, the patient's specific needs, and whether the quoted price includes all expenses. Many clinics advertise a "base" price that excludes critical and often necessary add-ons. Massachusetts: A single, standard IVF cycle in Massachusetts typically ranges from $15,000 to $30,000. Some sources cite a national average of around $15,000-$20,000, with Massachusetts being on the higher end of that range. California: California is known for being one of the more expensive states for IVF. A single cycle can range from $12,000 to $25,000 for the base procedure, with total costs often exceeding $30,000 when medications and other services are included. Prices can be even higher in major metropolitan areas like Los Angeles and San Francisco. Important Note: These figures often do not include:     Medications: A significant expense, typically adding $2,000 to $7,0...

An IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) cycle is a multi-step process for fertility treatment that typically takes 2 to 6 weeks to complete. It involves stimulating the ovaries to produce multiple eggs, retrieving those eggs, fertilizing them with sperm in a laboratory, and then transferring the resulting embryo(s) into the uterus. Here is a step-by-step breakdown of a typical IVF cycle: 1. Ovarian Stimulation: A woman's natural menstrual cycle usually produces one egg. In an IVF cycle, hormone medications (usually in the form of daily injections) are used to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs. This increases the chances of having a successful pregnancy. This phase is monitored closely with ultrasounds and blood tests to track the growth of the follicles (sacs containing the eggs). 2. Egg Retrieval: Once the follicles have reached the appropriate size, a "trigger shot" is administered to prepare the eggs for final maturation. About 36 hours later, a minor surgical pro...